About the Author
E-Z Guide for Writing Alt Text:
Part 4 — Rethinking Alt Text to Improve Its Effectiveness
In July 2022, Karen McCall and Bevi Chagnon released their research on the effectiveness of Alt Text at the prestigious Joint International Conference on Digital Inclusion, Assistive Technology & Accessibility, hosted by ICCHP. 
In their presentation, McCall and Chagnon show how our current guidelines for Alt Text fail when describing complex graphics, such as charts, maps, info-graphics, flowcharts, and other graphics that must convey not only complex data, but also relationships, trends, and patterns. A summary of their findings continues below.
Our working title for this part of our project was, "Alt Text sucks. How can we fix the problems?"
It's a short title, definitely not "sweet," but right on target.
Both Karen and Bevi are professional educators, not just trainers or instructors, and have been adjunct faculty at their local colleges and universities for decades. Karen has a Masters degree in education, while Bevi has an MBA and graduate-level coursework in education. Karen is print-disabled and depends on screen readers.
They both were working in education and digital documents when the idea of accessible files started in the mid-1990s, when the World Wide Web was in its infancy and before Section 508 was enacted.
At the time Alt Text was conceived, the industry was thinking about logos and photos being portrayed to users who were blind and using screen readers.
A lot has changed in the past 25 years!
The industry is now trying to shoe-horn complex graphical concepts — heat maps, ArcGIS data, Tableau data visualizations, flowcharts, info-graphics — into Alt Text, a very limited and primitive attribute on <image> and <Figure> tags in HTML, EPUBs, and PDFs.
The 25-year-old system of Alt Text isn't doing a sufficient job anymore.
1. Examples of complex graphics
Here are some sample graphics that are difficult to describe with Alt Text:
Heat map animation
Animated heat map graphic by NASA, at Wikipedia.
Flow chart
A food chain flow chart from LibreTexts.
Decision tree
Decision tree flow chart from the FBI's NICS.
Interactive data visualization
Tableau data visualization from US Census.
Banner graphic
Banner graphic from the CDC.
Info-graphic
Info-graphic from the CDC. Graphic links to a dedicated webpage with a full description of the graphic.
2. Is this the state of the art?
We've heard so much crazy stuff about Alt Text:
- 280 characters maximum, like a tweet.
- 5 syllables maximum.
- 100 words maximum.
- Can't have punctuation.
- Don't tell the user what type of graphic it is.
- Decorative graphics should be artifacted. (Given that "decorative" is a subjective term not defined in any standard, is it possible that a graphic could be decorative and also have valuable visible information to convey? We think so!)
Everything in the list above is pure bunk!
They are someone's opinion of what they think Alt Text should be, and the advice is not based on any official standard or scientific research. It's opinion.
Shortcomings of Alt Text
In their report, Chagnon and McCall found two major areas where current Alt Text fails the end users.
First, the main accessibility standards — WCAG, PDF/UA, and EPUB — don't provide any guidance on how Alt Text should be written, how much should be written, and what it should say.
Second, the mechanics of Alt Text itself is a very primitive method of describing graphics, especially complex ones. Here's what our study found:
- At this time, Alt Text is recognized and voiced only by some screen reader software. All other assistive technologies ignore it.
- Usually, the voicing changes when the screen reader enters Alt Text, and users complain that it isn't as pleasant or easy to hear as regular body text.
- User controls are minimal: the user can't back up a word or sentence, and instead must restart at the beginning of the Alt Text.
- It doesn't have any semantics to help identify the text, such as headings and lists.
- It can't have accessible hyperlinks.
- It can't have multiple languages.
- End users have no idea what to expect to hear in Alt Text. It's a surprise.
No wonder many users complain that they want it to be as short as possible, or even eliminated entirely.
With the publishing industry's growing use of graphics, especially info-graphics, those who use assistive technologies could miss significant information on a webpage or document page.
3. A new ISO standard for Alt Text
Recently, a separate ISO committee updated their standard for Alt Text, ISO/IEC 20071-11:2019, Part 11: Guidance on text alternatives for images.
Released in 2019, it was written by objective, independent members of an ISO committee (ISO = International Standards Organization).
ISO standards are created by the people who use them. Standards are developed by groups of experts from all over the world who negotiate all aspects of the standard, including its scope, key definitions and content. It's a multi-stakeholder process that uses a consensus-based approach to create the best possible standards that benefit everyone.
— cited from ISO.org
It's a step in the right direction, but it needs to be expanded for multiple types of assistive technologies and modern graphics.
And few people know about this official standard for Alt Text. Neither WCAG, EPUB, nor PDF/UA reference it in their standards. (This procedure is called "include by reference.")
Download a free copy of this ISO standard from the International Telecommunication Union, www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-T.701.11
4. What's needed
Chagnon and McCall's research led them to this conclusion: after 25+ years, it's time to rethink how Alt Text is written and coded in our webpages and documents.
And the industry might need to develop other ways to convey complex visual, graphical information to all users.
The current mechanics and guidance are outdated and not able to give satisfactory information to those who use screen readers and other assistive technologies.
Their paper suggests the following next steps:
- Investigate if and how the current Alt Text attribute can be expanded and enhanced to provide more user control, semantic tags (for example, headings, lists, and tables), multiple languages, access to pronunciation dictionaries for more accurate voicing, and choices for short and detailed descriptions of the same graphic.
- Evaluate whether these extended capabilities can be built into Alt Text as it is now — an attribute nested inside the <Figure> or <image> tag.
- Test how well SVG graphics — a more recent graphic file format — could provide these capabilities.
- Determine if these capabilities would require a new tag element be added to all of the standards in order to provide better Alt Text for all end users.
- Develop formal guidelines for content creators on how to write Alt Text. The current ISO standard for Alt Text is a good start, but it needs to be expanded.
5. Going forward
It will take a few years for the international community to work out the kinks in Alt Text for complex graphics.
In the meantime, look at these current guidelines developed by PubCom's team that can help you make more accessible and effective Alt Text. And download the free version of the ISO standard for Alt Text below.
Next section: Alt Text on Hyperlinks
Downloads
Presentation slide deck
Free.
Conference research paper (peer reviewed) in the Springer conference proceedings. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-08645-8_4.
Note that Springer charges a fee for its scholarly journals and papers.
The free version of the ISO/IEC standard 20071-11:2019 for Alt Text. Download from www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-T.701.11
